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5D
Rights and wrongs 63
Modals of obligation, prohibition
and permission
5
Study the underlined modal verbs in the text and
answer the questions.
Which modal verbs mean:
1
it is necessary to do this?
,
2
you are allowed to do this?
,
3
it is not necessary to do this, but you can if you want
to?
4
you are not allowed to do this?
,
,
We usually use
must
when the speaker has decided that
something is important and
have to
when someone
else has decided this. However, in many situations, we
can use
must
and
have to
in the same way.
Reference and practice 5.2
Workbook page 113
6
Study the sentences. What is the difference in
meaning between sentences a and b?
1
a
I have to wear a school uniform.
b
I must buy a new school uniform because this
one is too small.
2
a
You don’t have to tell anyone about this.
b
You mustn’t tell anyone about this.
3
a
You can’t walk on the grass.
b
You must not walk on the grass.
4
a
You can leave your bike here.
b
You may leave your bike here.
7
Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets
so that they have a similar meaning. Do not change
the given words.
1
It is compulsory at my school to stand up when a
teacher walks into the classroom. (have to)
2
You are allowed to fly a plane with a pilot’s licence.
(can)
3
During a trial, witnesses are not allowed to tell lies.
(mustn’t)
4
You do not have permission to leave the exam room
before you finish. (may not)
5
The bus leaves at 6.30 a.m. It is essential that you
arrive by 6.25 a.m. or the bus will leave without you.
(must)
6
It is not necessary to wear a helmet when you ride a
bike in England. (don’t have to)
8
SPEAKING
Which of these things is it necessary /
not necessary for you to do? Which of them are you
allowed / not allowed to do?
have a credit card open a bank account fly a plane
buy a pet give blood choose your own doctor
leave home buy a lottery ticket go to school
Vocabulary bank
Law and order page 138
For many, this is a waste of a vote and a lot of UK
teenagers feel voting should become obligatory
so
that it has more value.They feel they must take more
responsibility if they want things to change and
voting is an effective way to do this.
Transport
E British law authorizes sixteen-year-old Britons to
ride mopeds with a small engine and quad bikes
off road, but they can’t drive a car or a quad bike
on the road until the age of seventeen.Although
Britain has some of the safest roads in the world,
car accidents are the biggest cause of death of
young people between the ages of seventeen and
twenty-one. For this reason many people feel that
twenty-one is a more appropriate age to hold a
driving licence.
Education and work
F
Compulsory education in Britain continues until
a child is sixteen and all students have to stay in
full or part-time education until then, but this will
probably soon increase to eighteen. Some school-
leavers continue to work in jobs that they were
doing part-time while they were at school.Young
workers may start a part-time job at the age of
thirteen in Britain and the most common jobs are
babysitting and doing paper rounds.Young people
mustn’t work for more than two hours on a school
day or a Sunday and they can’t work for more
than twelve hours during a school week.There is a
view that such laws are restrictive and that younger
children need to be encouraged to work more,
especially if they are willing and able.
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